Educational Theorists
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I'll start with my two favorite educational theorists: Gardner, and Bandura.

Howard Gardner is the creator of the multiple intelligences theory and believes that the role of the teacher should be redefined as that of a collaborator rather than a mere dispenser of facts. 

Read more about Gardner:

Albert Bandura’s theory is that students can build self-efficacy and new patterns of behavior through interactive and collaborative learning. The teacher should serve as a role model and cheerleader. Through this approach, students gain more than just knowledge – they gain a feeling of pride and success that will carry them on to future learning. 

Read more about Bandura:

Wolfgang Kohler supports a problem solving approach to learning. When students are allowed to get the “ah-ah” that comes with discovery, they gain insights to a subject that can’t be reached through traditional instructional methods. (Klinger, 1999)

Read more about Kohler:

Read about Lev Vygotsky at

Read about B.F. Skinner at

Read about Robert Gagne at

Read about Jean Piaget at

Here's a great overview site on educational theories and theorists from the University of Hawaii at Manoa: http://www.fs.hawaii.edu/edtheory.htm